Total physical response (TPR)
TPR (total physical response) is a method of teaching language using physical movement to react to verbal input in order to reduce student inhibitions and lower their effective filter. It allows students to react to language without thinking too much, facilitates long term retention, and reduces student anxiety and stress. In order to implement TPR effectively, it is necessary to plan regular sessions that progress in a logical order, and to keep several principles in mind.
What's so good about TPR anyway?
● Easy to implement/no translationTPR instruction requires no translation or L1 support. It can help students and teachers make the transition to an English language environment.
● New playing field: no disadvantage for academically weaker students
TPR does not depend on left-brain, “academic” skills. This gives all students a chance to shine in a new environment.
● Trains students to react to language and not think about it too much TPR requires an instant reaction.
● Trains students to react to language and not think about it too much TPR requires an instant reaction.
As there is no time to think during TPR practice,students can break the bad habit of over-analyzing language and become more comfortable with “going with the flow”, or guessing from context.
● Reduces pressure and stress for students TPR does not require a spoken response from students. Also, if implemented properly,students always understand what is happening during TPR practice, resulting inincreased confidence and a lowering of the affective filter.
● Different style of teaching/learning TPR can be a break for both students and teachers, a refreshingly different style of teaching. Judiciously used, it can break up a lesson or day and keep students alert.
● Long-term retention/“magic” effect TPR results in long-term retention of language items, and the constant repetition and recycling involved reinforces this leading to a “magic” learning experience.
● Repetition is disguised: more effective input
Skillful use of TPR allows us to drill language targets repeatedly without losing student interest.
● Addresses important weakness of Japanese students Japanese students, due to teaching methods and their school environment, have tended to be strong at reading and writing English, and weak at listening and speaking. TPR addresses this by working on students' aural comprehension, at the same time as forcing them to be active listeners.
● Perfect for TT
TPR is perfect for team-teaching classes, as with two teachers one can serve as the model while the other calls out commands.
● Hard to show
Results come from regular, planned application. One shot lessons, while perhaps interesting or diverting, do not yield the same results as a carefully thought out series of lessons.
● Build on what has gone before
TPR instruction should be seen as a progression, with new language being added to and combined with the old every session.
● Recycle language and review extensively On a similar note, previously learned language should be reviewed and cycled into lessons constantly in order to reinforce it.
● Don't change the target language
● Reduces pressure and stress for students TPR does not require a spoken response from students. Also, if implemented properly,students always understand what is happening during TPR practice, resulting inincreased confidence and a lowering of the affective filter.
● Different style of teaching/learning TPR can be a break for both students and teachers, a refreshingly different style of teaching. Judiciously used, it can break up a lesson or day and keep students alert.
● Long-term retention/“magic” effect TPR results in long-term retention of language items, and the constant repetition and recycling involved reinforces this leading to a “magic” learning experience.
● Repetition is disguised: more effective input
Skillful use of TPR allows us to drill language targets repeatedly without losing student interest.
● Addresses important weakness of Japanese students Japanese students, due to teaching methods and their school environment, have tended to be strong at reading and writing English, and weak at listening and speaking. TPR addresses this by working on students' aural comprehension, at the same time as forcing them to be active listeners.
● Perfect for TT
TPR is perfect for team-teaching classes, as with two teachers one can serve as the model while the other calls out commands.
● Hard to show
Results come from regular, planned application. One shot lessons, while perhaps interesting or diverting, do not yield the same results as a carefully thought out series of lessons.
Some principles
● Prepare a script It is essential to prepare a script for what you want to do, as it is extremely important not to change the language half way through. It is also important to recombine previously learned language in new ways. These factors, combined with the pace necessary for successful TPR instruction, mean that it is extremely difficult to improvise the commands.● Build on what has gone before
TPR instruction should be seen as a progression, with new language being added to and combined with the old every session.
● Recycle language and review extensively On a similar note, previously learned language should be reviewed and cycled into lessons constantly in order to reinforce it.
● Don't change the target language
While it can be useful to introduce synonyms, it is extremely important that the language not be changed half-way through a session. This is extremely confusing for students.
● Be good-natured and positive
In order for students to relax and feel comfortable, during TPR practice the teacher should project a friendly and positive manner.
● Introduce limited number of new items and manipulate them extensively
It is very important to limit the number of new items in order to avoid student overload and to allow students to process and absorb the language. New and old language should be manipulated in a variety of ways in order to give students a large amount of practice.
● Incorporate some humor Once students are used to TPR practice, introducing a limited amount of humor into the class can greatly increase students interest and enjoyment.
● Students don't speak Students should not be forced to repeat the commands or otherwise speak until they are ready.
● Be good-natured and positive
In order for students to relax and feel comfortable, during TPR practice the teacher should project a friendly and positive manner.
● Introduce limited number of new items and manipulate them extensively
It is very important to limit the number of new items in order to avoid student overload and to allow students to process and absorb the language. New and old language should be manipulated in a variety of ways in order to give students a large amount of practice.
● Incorporate some humor Once students are used to TPR practice, introducing a limited amount of humor into the class can greatly increase students interest and enjoyment.
● Students don't speak Students should not be forced to repeat the commands or otherwise speak until they are ready.
● Students don't “help” each other
Students should not need help with the TPR commands, as the meaning should be obvious from context/the teachers' explanation/previously learned language. Translating commands into Japanese reverts to left brain input, and the benefits of TPR are lost. Student listening abilities are also not improved.
Students should not need help with the TPR commands, as the meaning should be obvious from context/the teachers' explanation/previously learned language. Translating commands into Japanese reverts to left brain input, and the benefits of TPR are lost. Student listening abilities are also not improved.
อ้างอิง : www.c-english.com/files/tpr.pdf
สรุปความรู้ที่่ได้รับ
เทคนิคการสอนภาษาด้วย TPR – Total Physical Response หมายถึง การสอนภาษาโดยการใช้ท่าทาง โดยให้ผู้เรียนฟังคำสั่งจากครูแล้วผู้เรียนทำตาม เป็นการประสานการฟังกับการใช้การเคลื่อนไหวของร่างกายเป็นการตอบรับให้ทำตาม โดยผู้เรียนไม่ต้องพูด วิธีสอนภาษาโดยการใช้ท่าทางใช้สำหรับการเริ่มต้นเรียนภาษาที่ 2
ข้อดีของเทคนิคการสอนแบบ TPR
- ง่ายต่อการใช้ / ไม่มีการแปล
- สนามเด็ดเล่นแห่งใหม่ : ไม่มีข้อเสียเปรียบด้านวิชาการสำหรับเด็กที่เรียนไม่เก่ง
- การฝึกนักเรียนให้ตอบสนองต่อภาษาและไม่ให้คิดมากเกินไป
- ช่วยลดความกดดันและความเครียดสำหรับนักเรียน
- ลักษณะที่แตกต่างจากการเรียนการสอน / การเรียนรู้
- มีผลต่อความทรงจำระยะยาว
- การทำซ้ำมีการปลอมแปลง: เพิ่มเติมประสิทธิภาพเข้ามา
- เป็นจุดอ่อนที่สำคัญของนักเรียนญี่ปุ่น
- เป็นสิ่งที่สมบรูณ์สำหรับการเรียนการสอนเป็นทีม
- ยากสำหรับการแสดง
หลักการของเทคนิคการสอนแบบ TPR
- เตรียมสคริปต์
- เสริมสร้างในสิ่งที่ได้หายไปก่อน
- มีการหมุนเวียนของภาษาและมีการทบทวนอย่างสม่ำเสมอ
- อย่าเปลี่ยนภาษาเป้าหมาย
- มีอัธยาศัยดี เพื่อให้นักเรียนที่จะผ่อนคลายและรู้สึกสะดวกสบายในระหว่างการปฏิบัติ ครูควรโครงการลักษณะที่เป็นมิตรและเป็นบวก
- แนะนำจำนวนที่ จำกัด ของรายการใหม่และมีการจัดการให้ครอบคลุมทั้งหมด
- มีอารมณ์ขันบ้าง
- นักเรียนห้ามพูด ไม่ควรบังคับนักเรียนให้ทำซ้ำคำสั่งหรือจนกว่าพวกเขาพร้อมจะพูด
- ห้ามนักเรียน"ช่วยเหลือ" ซึ่งกันและกัน
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